As we move toward 5G Advanced and 6G, the way we model the wireless medium is shifting. The old, standardized models are no longer sufficient. We need high-dimensional, site-specific systems, such as Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), to work effectively. This FAQ will discuss how we are moving from those generic scenarios to what we call “neural […]
FAQ
Understanding I2C
The Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol has been the backbone of short-distance, intra-board communication. However, implementing robust I2C communication is not just about connecting two wires. This FAQ analyzes the open-drain physical layer and the nuances of register-level addressing to better understand I2C communication. How does I2C differ from push-pull interfaces like SPI? The defining characteristic […]
What is an AI governor and how does it relate to physical AI?
An AI governor is a framework, set of policies, or an oversight mechanism designed to ensure that the development and use of AI systems are ethical, safe, transparent, and compliant with legal and societal standards. The term can also refer to an actual piece of code or circuit (governor logic) used as a safety mechanism […]
How is physical AI used in autonomous and electric vehicles?
Physical AI (PAI) in autonomous and electric vehicles (EVs) involves systems that perceive the environment, make intelligent decisions, and execute appropriate actions in real-time, bridging the gap between digital intelligence and physical motion. PAI is autonomous, and electric vehicles can be used for several functions. Initially, it’s helping improve battery management and energy efficiency. In […]
What are the applications of physical artificial intelligence?
Physical artificial intelligence (PAI) enables machines to perceive, reason, and act within the real world, bridging the gap between digital AI (DAI), sometimes called virtual AI, and physical action. PAI often leverages spatial artificial intelligence (SAI) technology. PAI applications span numerous industries, from basic automation to autonomous vehicles and complex surgical procedures. PAI applications represent […]
What is physical artificial intelligence and why is it important?
Physical artificial intelligence (PAI) refers to AI systems that can perceive, understand, reason about, and interact with the physical world in real time through sensors and actuators. Unlike digital AI (DAI), which operates in virtual domains, PAI powers tangible actions in dynamic, real-world environments. PAI is used in closed-loop systems where the AI model not […]
MCUs and MPUs, which does your project really need?
The basics of microcontroller units (MCUs) and microprocessor units (MPUs) haven’t changed too much. But application requirements have. What was once a simple automotive, industrial, or medical control system may now include edge AI processing, increasingly demanding security requirements, or complex 3D animated human machine interfaces (HMIs). That can change the game when choosing between […]
FAQ on Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM)
There are many non-volatile memory technologies in use; RRAM is another option — maybe. Random access memory (RAM), sometimes called by a more descriptive name of read/write (R/W) memory, is critical to modern electronic systems. Small amounts are needed as a numeric scratchpad or to store data samples before processing; moderate amounts are needed to […]
Can chiplets save the semiconductor supply chain?
We’re making more semiconductors than ever before, and yet somehow, it’s still not enough. Demand is continuously increasing, spurred by the rise of AI in our everyday lives, but production still faces bottlenecks. The problem is more than just scale; it comes down to the structure of the manufacturing industry as a whole. As of […]
Why is the Matter 1.4.2 update important?
Matter 1.4.2 is a maintenance release that improves security, streamlines certification, and optimizes infrastructure operation. This article presents only highlights. In addition to improving certain areas of performance, it adds more new features than most maintenance releases. And, like most maintenance releases, it addresses issues found in previous versions and fine-tunes operations to improve reliability, […]
