Powering an Arduino has a little magic to it. It wasn’t obvious to me when I first started working with them, but Arduinos have on-board regulation. Taking advantage of this allows for longer power supply wiring runs by using a higher voltage power supply than the nominal 5V or 3.3V needed by the microcontroller (MCU) […]
Understanding delay for I/O: Using Arduino functions vs. coding the MCU
Sometimes the conveniences of using an Arduino board start to conflict with the performance that you expect, at least from a strict engineering point of view. When you develop with the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), there are some things you need to know to understand the processing delays, functions, and how to overcome them […]
Protecting an MCU: Build your own optocoupler
Microcontrollers are widely used for controlling transistors and relays. Transistors and relays are used for actuating or (energizing) equipment with a higher voltage than an MCU can handle. For example, fans, lights, television, door locks, furnaces, and appliances can be automated using an MCU, however, most operate at higher voltages compared to the voltage tolerances […]
What’s new with Wi-Fi 6? Focus on high-efficiency
The first wide-spread home electrical appliance was the toaster, and 90% of homes today still have one.[i] Today, wireless connectivity to the internet is as ubiquitous as the electricity was a hundred years ago. Smartphones, tablets, wearables, laptops, televisions, Nest thermostats, Alexa, Google Home, Ring video doorbell sensors, surveillance cameras door locks, smart lighting, and […]
How to learn anything for free: Massive open online courses
Positions for someone with a Masters degree in Data Science are $300K and up, according to a friend of a friend of mine who works in Human Resources for a well-known company. The company’s data scientists, who work on algorithms to predict usage based on data collected from the product’s platforms, are continually lured away […]
Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part II
Have you ever wondered which type of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) materials would be worth investing in to improve signal integrity? Would your high-frequency signaling work better with a tighter, more uniform weave in the core sheet of the PCB? What’s a high-frequency signal, anyway? When should you invest in a rigid, moisture-proof PCB? Properties […]
Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part I
There are many different materials and methods for creating PCB materials. The electronics used in numerous applications benefits from the large number of options for PCBs. Hobbyists often choose the least expensive PCB, however, it’s essential to choose appropriate PCB materials when prototyping is done, and high-volume product development and manufacturing become the focus. Applications […]
Real-time vs. a standard operating system & How to choose an RTOS
Most MCUs do not have operating systems. In the “olden days,” most embedded systems had MCUs that ran a program repeatedly and did not have much if any, human interference. However, the line between MCUs and processors is blurring. MCUs have General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) which are often attached to one or several sensors as […]
Challenges in designing electronics for satellites
In 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik 1, which was no more than a metal ball containing a radio, a battery, and a thermometer.[i] However, this experiment provoked a spark that led to decades of space missions. The earliest satellite designs were huge, heavy, and functionality was limited. Nevertheless, satellite designs started evolving with the passage […]
3D NAND Flash memory: Making HDDs obsolete in a data-centric economy
A data-centric economy is evolving. The Samsung Galaxy Note 9 debuted with 8 GB RAM and one terabyte (TB) of storage (purchasing a 512 GB SD card bumps it to 1 TB). The price tag is well over $1,000, so the rest of us will have to buy 1 TB of cloud storage from Google […]
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