Quantum sensing is important in the control of quantum computers and in advanced sensor applications ranging from navigation to medical diagnosis. For a discussion of quantum control, check out the FAQ “What’s quantum control and how is it used?” This FAQ looks at how quantum sensing is used to measure various physical parameters and efforts […]
FAQ
How do common mode inductors work in Single-Pair Ethernet?
This article begins with a brief review of the operation of CMIs and then looks at how the CDN fits into SPE designs and the specific role of CMIs. A CMI blocks high-frequency noise common to two power or data lines. It allows direct current (DC) power or lower frequency signals to pass with minimal […]
How to specify differential mode inductors for Single-Pair Ethernet?
Differential mode inductors (DMIs) are important components for the Power over Data Line (PoDL) and the related Single-Pair Power over Ethernet (SPoE) standards. This article begins by reviewing where DMIs fit into Single-Pair Ethernet (SPE) and then compares PoDL and SPoE implementations and application targets. Coupling and decoupling DMIs play an important role in SPE […]
What is Single-Pair Ethernet and PoDL?
Single-Pair Ethernet (SPE) is defined in IEEE 802.3 and adapts the basic Ethernet standard to use a single wire pair. Power over data line (PoDL) is sometimes referred to as power over Ethernet (PoE) adapted for SPE. That’s only partially correct; PoDL is optimized specifically for automotive and similar environments, and the newer single pair […]
How do MCUs support automotive infotainment systems?
In vehicle infotainment (IVI) systems are increasingly important and complex. What’s needed from a microcontroller (MCU) in an IVI? A lot, but exactly what depends on the sophistication and mix of info and ‘tainment. Multiple cores are often needed, and so are hardware accelerators for compute-intensive functions. Considerations include connectivity, human-machine interfaces (HMIs) beyond simple […]
Key factors to optimize power consumption in an embedded device
In the previous article, we learned what a low-power system is, so now we’ll talk about the key factors which can make a power-efficient embedded system design. The power-efficient embedded system is comprised of hardware and software design along with proper components selection. Optimization is achieved by efficient implementation in different stages using different techniques. […]
How to optimize Arduino for low power design
Power consumption of the embedded controller is a primary concern in low-power design. Arduino boards are often used in devices that rely on battery or solar charging. Such devices often deploy far from the power line to have periodic battery replacement or are mobile devices designed for periodic charging cycles. In such a case, optimizing […]
How do the seven types of V2X connectivity work?
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication includes vehicle-to-network (V2N), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-cloud (V2C), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), vehicle to device (V2D), and vehicle to grid (V2G). This FAQ begins with a review of dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technologies for V2X communications, looks at the four V2X service types and the structure of telematics control […]
What are the five levels of vehicle connectivity?
Several efforts are underway to define levels of vehicle connectivity that parallel the levels of driving automation defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The concept of autonomous vehicles, particularly at the higher levels of automation like self-driving cars, is still largely aspirational and a goal for some time in the future. Connectivity, on […]
What’s different about MCUs for use in-vehicle networking?
The increasing use of automated driving functions, more sensors and actuators, and growing V2X connectivity is increasing the challenges related to vehicle electric/electronic (E/E) architectures and in-vehicle networking (IVN). This FAQ will review the performance requirements for microcontrollers (MCUs) needed to support time-sensitive networking (TSN) in IVNs, move over to look at service-oriented gateways, domain […]
